Fig. 1From: Assessment of the E-value in the presence of bias amplification: a simulation studyBalance of observable X_m and unobservables X_u1, X_u2 before and after adjustment. Note: Median, interquantile range box, and outliers of the standardized mean differences after 1,000 simulations. SMD standardized mean difference. IPTW Inverse probability treatment weighting. PSM Propensity score matchingBack to article page