Fig. 4From: Assessment of the E-value in the presence of bias amplification: a simulation studyBias and E-Value. Note: Median (marker) and x-axis percentiles 5 and 95 of 1,000 simulations results. Bias defined as β_T-β ̂_T. IPTW Inverse probability treatment weighting. PSM Propensity score matchingBack to article page